AP World History Themes
THEME 1: Interactions Between Humans and the Environment
Demography and disease, migration, patterns of settlement, technology
The interaction between humans and the environment is a fundamental theme in world history. The environment shaped human societies, but, increasingly, human societies also affected the environment. During prehistory, humans interacted with the environment as hunters, fishers, and foragers, and human migrations led to the peopling of the earth. As the Neolithic Revolution began, humans exploited their environments more intensively, either as farmers or pastoralists. Environmental factors such as rainfall patterns, climate, and available flora and fauna shaped the methods of exploitation used in different regions. Human impact on the environment intensified as populations grew and as people migrated into new regions. As people flocked into cities or established trade networks, new diseases emerged and spread, sometimes devastating an entire region. Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, human effects on the environment increased with the development of more sophisticated technologies, the exploitation of new energy sources, and a rapid increase in human populations.
Demography and disease, migration, patterns of settlement, technology
The interaction between humans and the environment is a fundamental theme in world history. The environment shaped human societies, but, increasingly, human societies also affected the environment. During prehistory, humans interacted with the environment as hunters, fishers, and foragers, and human migrations led to the peopling of the earth. As the Neolithic Revolution began, humans exploited their environments more intensively, either as farmers or pastoralists. Environmental factors such as rainfall patterns, climate, and available flora and fauna shaped the methods of exploitation used in different regions. Human impact on the environment intensified as populations grew and as people migrated into new regions. As people flocked into cities or established trade networks, new diseases emerged and spread, sometimes devastating an entire region. Beginning with the Industrial Revolution, human effects on the environment increased with the development of more sophisticated technologies, the exploitation of new energy sources, and a rapid increase in human populations.
Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Cultures
Religions, belief systems, philosophies, ideologies, science, technology, arts, architecture
This theme explores the origins, uses, dissemination, and adaption of ideas, beliefs, and knowledge within and between societies. Studying the dominant belief system(s) or religions, philosophical interests, and technical and artistic approaches aa reveal how major groups in society view themselves and others, and how they respond to multiple challenges. When people of different societies interact, they often share components of their cultures, deliberately or not. The processes of adopting and adapting new belief and knowledge systems are complex and often lead to historically novel cultural blends. A society's culture may be investigated and compared with other societies' cultures as a way to reveal both what is unique to a culture and what it shares with other cultures. It is also possible to analyze and trace particular cultural trends or ideas across human societies.
Religions, belief systems, philosophies, ideologies, science, technology, arts, architecture
This theme explores the origins, uses, dissemination, and adaption of ideas, beliefs, and knowledge within and between societies. Studying the dominant belief system(s) or religions, philosophical interests, and technical and artistic approaches aa reveal how major groups in society view themselves and others, and how they respond to multiple challenges. When people of different societies interact, they often share components of their cultures, deliberately or not. The processes of adopting and adapting new belief and knowledge systems are complex and often lead to historically novel cultural blends. A society's culture may be investigated and compared with other societies' cultures as a way to reveal both what is unique to a culture and what it shares with other cultures. It is also possible to analyze and trace particular cultural trends or ideas across human societies.
Theme 3: State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict
Political structures, forms of governance, empires, nationalism, revolutions, revolts, regional, transregional, and global structures
This theme refers to the processes by which hierarchical systems of rule have been constructed and maintained, and to the conflicts generated by those processes. In particular, this theme encourages the comparative study of different state forms (e.g. kingdoms, empires, nation-states) across time and space and the interactions among them. Continuity and change are also embedded in this theme through attention to the organizational and cultural foundations of long-term stability on one hand and the internal and external causes of conflict on the other. Students should examine and compare various forms of state development and expansion in the context of various productive strategies (e.g., agrarian, pastoral, and mercantile), various cultural and ideological foundations (e.g. religions, philosophies, ideas of nationalism), various social and gender structures, and in different environmental contexts. This theme also discusses different types of states, such as autocracies and constitutional democracies. Finally this theme encourages students to explore interstate relations, including warfare, diplomacy, commercial and cultural exchange, and the formation of international organizations.
Political structures, forms of governance, empires, nationalism, revolutions, revolts, regional, transregional, and global structures
This theme refers to the processes by which hierarchical systems of rule have been constructed and maintained, and to the conflicts generated by those processes. In particular, this theme encourages the comparative study of different state forms (e.g. kingdoms, empires, nation-states) across time and space and the interactions among them. Continuity and change are also embedded in this theme through attention to the organizational and cultural foundations of long-term stability on one hand and the internal and external causes of conflict on the other. Students should examine and compare various forms of state development and expansion in the context of various productive strategies (e.g., agrarian, pastoral, and mercantile), various cultural and ideological foundations (e.g. religions, philosophies, ideas of nationalism), various social and gender structures, and in different environmental contexts. This theme also discusses different types of states, such as autocracies and constitutional democracies. Finally this theme encourages students to explore interstate relations, including warfare, diplomacy, commercial and cultural exchange, and the formation of international organizations.
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems
Agriculture and pastoral production, trade and commerce, labor systems, industrialization, capitalism, socialism
This theme surveys the diverse patterns and systems that human societies have developed as they exploit their environments to produce, distribute, and consume desired goods and services across time and space. It stresses major transitions in human economic activity, such as the growth and spread of agricultural, pastoral, and industrial production; the development of various labor systems associated with these economic systems (including different forms of household management and the use of coerced or free labor); and the ideologies, values, and institutions (such as capitalism and socialism) that sustained them. This theme also calls attention to patterns of trade and commerce between various societies, with particular attention paid to the relationship between regional and global networks of communication and exchange, and their effects on economic growth and decline. These webs of interaction strongly influence cultural and technological diffusion, migration, state formation, social classes, and human interaction with the environment.
Agriculture and pastoral production, trade and commerce, labor systems, industrialization, capitalism, socialism
This theme surveys the diverse patterns and systems that human societies have developed as they exploit their environments to produce, distribute, and consume desired goods and services across time and space. It stresses major transitions in human economic activity, such as the growth and spread of agricultural, pastoral, and industrial production; the development of various labor systems associated with these economic systems (including different forms of household management and the use of coerced or free labor); and the ideologies, values, and institutions (such as capitalism and socialism) that sustained them. This theme also calls attention to patterns of trade and commerce between various societies, with particular attention paid to the relationship between regional and global networks of communication and exchange, and their effects on economic growth and decline. These webs of interaction strongly influence cultural and technological diffusion, migration, state formation, social classes, and human interaction with the environment.
Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures
Gender role, family and kinship, racial and ethnic constructions, social and economic classes
This theme is about relations among human beings. All human societies develop ways of grouping their members, as well as norms that govern interactions between individuals and social groups. Social stratification comprises distinctions based on kinship systems, ethnic associations, and hierarchies of gender, race, wealth, and class. The study of world history requires analysis of the processes through which social categories, roles, and practices were created, maintained, and transformed It also involves analysis of the connections between changes in social structures and other historical shifts, especially trends in political economy, cultural expression, and human ecology.
Gender role, family and kinship, racial and ethnic constructions, social and economic classes
This theme is about relations among human beings. All human societies develop ways of grouping their members, as well as norms that govern interactions between individuals and social groups. Social stratification comprises distinctions based on kinship systems, ethnic associations, and hierarchies of gender, race, wealth, and class. The study of world history requires analysis of the processes through which social categories, roles, and practices were created, maintained, and transformed It also involves analysis of the connections between changes in social structures and other historical shifts, especially trends in political economy, cultural expression, and human ecology.
(Source: Course and Exam Description: AP World History, 2016)